Individuality vs Community in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay

Individuality versus Community in The Lottery The works of Shirley Jackson tend to the dreary because she typically unveils the hidden side of human disposition in her short stories and novels. She typically explores the darker side of human nature. Her themes atomic number 18 wide-ranging and border on the dreamlike though they usually portray everyday, ordinary people. Her endings are often not a resolution but rather a question pertaining to society and identicalness that the reader must ask himself or herself. Jacksons normal characters often are in possession of an abnormal psyche. Children are portrayed as blank slates develop to learn the ways of the world from society. However, adults have a hidden side already formed and lurking beneath the perceived normality of the established social order. We canvass this best in Jacksons most famous short story, The Lottery. Jacksons uses many elements of fiction to demonstrate how human nature can become desensitized to the point of mob move out of a member of their own community. One of the ways she does this is through character. While the shocking reason behind the lottery and the gruesome prize for its winner are not received until the ending, the characters come back to haunt us for their desensitized behavior earlier in the story. For example, the children in the beginning of the story innocently gather stones as normal children might, yet their relish in doing so becomes macabre once we find out the purpose for which that are collecting them Bobby Martin hard already stuffed his pockets large of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroy...eventually made a great pile of stones in one ... ...re many similarities when it comes to technique, characterization, themes, and ideologies based on the authors own beliefs and invigoration experiences. However, we also see that it appears the author herself ofte n struggles with the issue of being herself and expressing her own individuality, or obeying the rules, regulations and mores of a society into which she was born an innocent child, one who by nature of her sex was deemed inferior to men who controlled the definition of the norms. We see this kind of environment as repressive and responsible for abnormal psyches in the plots of many of her works. WORKS CITED Jackson, S. The Lottery. (Internet) 1-8. Jackson, S. We make Always Lived In The Castle. New York, Penguin, 1962. Mukamel, E. The Irrepressible Individual In The Works Of Shirley Jackson. http//www.askjeeves.com, May 13, 2004, 1-7.

Sympathy to the Young and Negativity to the Adults in the film Stand By Me :: essays research papers

The Director of the film tolerate By Me invites us to sympathize with younger people whilst portraying adults in a negative manner. Discuss.The film Stand By Me invites us to sympathize with younger people. The movie tells the story of four young boys Teddy, Vern, Gordy and Chris. The movie is based around the character of Gordy who relives the events of their past years through and through his writing, Gordy is criticized by his family because they want him to be like his older brother Danny who died in a car accident. Teddy who has had some trouble in the past with his puzzle is sympathized against as the son of a loony. Vern is shown sympathy towards the fact that he is so emotionally immature and vulnerable. You and particularly feel sympathy towards Chris due to his families horrible repute when Chris would like to be known as his own person. Their adventure began and ended in two completely different levels of maturity for all of the boys. We knew on the nose who we were a nd exactly where we were going.Gordy is the main protagonist in this film he tells the story of their adventure to find Ray Browlers dead body when they were 12 years old. Gordy was constantly compared to his older brother Danny his parents were continually paying more attention to Danny than Gordy, they seemed to care more about Dannys football career than Gordys outstanding writing. When Gordys brother Danny died his parents could not seem to move on. four months after Dannys death my parents still havent been able to put the pieces back together. Gordys parents placed pressure on Gordy to make him feel partially responsible for Dannys death, they were ceaselessly pushing him to be more like Danny, especially when he was gone. They were unhappy with his friends and his attitude toward life. Why cant you have friends like Dannys? Their alright Dad. What? A thief and two feiebs? Gordy is sympathized against due to the fact that he was 12 and had such a large amount of responsibi lity and pressure on his shoulders and such a young age.Teddy was the mysterious quarter of the group, always wanting to risk his life in dangerous stunts. Teddy was always out to prove something, he tried to dodge a train that was pep pill toward him, until Chris pulled him out of the way.

Jane Austens Northanger Abbey Essay -- Jane Austen Northanger Abbey E

Jane Austens Northanger AbbeyJane Austens Northanger Abbey is essentially the coming of age story of Catherine Morland, a human yet nave young girl who spends some time away from home at the impressionable age of seventeen. As Catherine matures in the town of vat and at Northanger Abbey, she learns to forgo immature childhood fantasies in favor of the solid realities of adult life, thus separating falsehood from truth. This theme is expressed in a correspond of ways, most obviously when Catherines infatuation with Gothic novels causes her to nearly ruin her relationship with Henry Tilney her imagination finally goes too far, and she wrongly suspects General Tilney of murdering his deep wife. The theme is less apparent but just as present in the characterization of Catherines very dissimilar friends, Isabella and Eleanor. It is clear that Catherines ingathering of maturity occurs as she learns to discern reality from fantasy, and this coincides with her newly-learned ability to truly read people as she rejects Isabella as a fake friend and accepts Eleanor as a true friend. Catherine arrives in Bath as a very inexperienced and vulnerable girl, and quickly becomes friends with Isabella Thorpe, a girl overflowing with the very traits that Catherine lacks. Isabella is graceful, fashionable, and very internal in matters such as balls, flirtations, and men, considering that she is four years older than Miss Morland, and at least four years better informed (Austen 32). The fellowship between the two girls blossoms rapidly indeed they called each other by their Christian name, were always arm in arm when they walked, pinned up each others train for the dance, and were not to be divided in the set (36... ...better worth keeping than Eleanor (220) proves to be a correct evaluation, because Henry and Eleanor apologize profusely for their dons rude treatment of Catherine, and nothing could be a better demonstration of their regret than Henrys proposal t o her. The conclusion of Northanger Abbey highlights two important points Catherines achievement of emotional and social maturity, and the development of her ability to discern the true natures of her friends and acquaintances. Catherine has reached this point as she has learned to separate reality from fantasy, from her dismissal of the man of Gothic romance and through her rejection of Isabella. Fortunately, Catherine was lucky enough to move on from her humiliating and disappointing experience with Isabella, and to realize the importance of real love and friendship with true friends like the Tilneys.

American Agriculture Needs a Free-Market System Essay -- Argumentative

American Agriculture Needs a Free-Market SystemThe words to the famous old childrens song Old MacDonald Had a Farm atomic number 18 due for a revision. The new lines should read Old MacDonald had a farm . . . with a lawyer here, and an accountant there, and everywhere a new federal programme and regulation. Not quite as poetic, but definitely more appropriate. The current state of agribusiness consists of an incredibly complex mix of subsidies, price supports, and bureaucratic regulations that could shame the most knowledgeable business minds. Underlying this tangled web of rules and regulations are political battles that pit normally allied groups against each other, and bring normally adversarial groups into allegiance. superstar bizarre outcome of federal farm policy is that consumers and tax-payers (usually one and the same) are set at cross-purposes. In this paper, I will highlight some of the unique policies that exist today and will try to present some rational alternativ es to alleviate the nightmare that is U.S. agribusiness. E...I...E...I...Ohhhhhhh..... The United States Government and agriculture have had a running(a) relationship for most of the twentieth century. In 1916, Congress established the Federal Land Bank to provide farmers with easier access to credit. Then, during the Great Depression, many New divide programs came to the aid of the farmer (Rapp, 1988). A system of price supports and production quotas was established to ensure price stability. For the first time, farmers were being told not to grow as a lot as they could. After World War II, the government found that prices were a very difficult thing to stabilize, so it focused its attention on income supports. That is, it act to guarantee a farmer ... ... prosper, while those who are marginal will not continue to be a drain on the economy. We cannot continually sanction free trade around the world (the GATT talks) while protecting our farm industry at home. I believ e that when the government gets out of the food-growing business, farming capability will increase, consumers will benefit, and the economy will be better for it. And after the shakeout, Old MacDonalds son or daughter will have a chance for greater prosperity. References Rapp, David. How the U.S. Got Into Agriculture and Why it Cant Get Out. Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly, 1988. Rawlins, N. Omri. Introduction to Agribusiness. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1980 Robbins, William. The American Food Scandal. New York William Morrow, 1974. Tweeten, Luther. The Economics of Small Farms, skill 219 (4 March 1983) 1037-41.

The World Trade Organization Essay -- International Monetary Fund

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is today seen as one of the pillars of international exchange and financial systems of the world on base the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, despite being only sixteen years old. With what began as the succession to the previous guidelines and rules set out by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade back in 1948, it is now seen as the main unifying force of world address today a key player in both the conduct of trade relations and global governance. (Herman, 1999) Today, as the worlds economy and its nations continue to change and go up together with the global business environment itself, the WTO has faced new challenges and perhaps its biggest challenges to date which question the relevance and future of the WTO. The essay dissolvent address such concepts through the analysis of the WTOs main role, the importance and successes of the WTO to date, the challenges it currently faces and a look towards its potential relevanc e in the future of world trade. The discussion will be aided through the use of published data, literature, online sources and journals. (WTO, Trading into the future 2011)Beginning with only 23 members, the WTO currently stands at 153 members representing a total of 97% of all world trade although this is set to increase following Russias accession into the WTO. This statistic details the importance of the WTO as the only international body that deals with the rules of trade between nations. (Hamilton, Webster 2009) The WTO was created as the previous system the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), needed an institutional and stronger framework to allow them to drive forward policies and advice. The WTOs overriding principle is to help free trade,... ...ineffective with the growing number and diversity of members. Suggestions to overcome the problem include Critical-Mass thinking and the creation of smaller groups of members based on similar trading characteristics may improve the system. In light of the recent financial crisis the role of the WTO is critical, in which its positive impact on world trade to date may become forgotten in light of recent criticisms. The WTO needs correct leadership to overcome the challenges today, to maintain its future survival and project it continues to be of success and further improve world trade. If change is not implemented successfully, the great negotiation forum it once was it will instead result in a forum in which the great members will struggle to compromise on trade issues thus harming the WTOs main purpose which is to advocate the growth of world trade.

The World Trade Organization Essay -- International Monetary Fund

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is today seen as one of the pillars of international trade and financial systems of the institution alongside the World situate and the International Monetary Fund, despite being only sixteen years old. With what began as the succeederion to the previous guidelines and rules set out by the General musical arrangement on Tariffs and Trade back in 1948, it is now seen as the main unifying force of existence trade today a key impostor in both the conduct of trade relations and orbicular governance. (Herman, 1999) Today, as the worlds economy and its nations continue to change and grow together with the global business environment itself, the WTO has faced new challenges and perhaps its biggest challenges to date which question the relevance and future of the WTO. The essay will address such concepts through the summary of the WTOs main role, the importance and successes of the WTO to date, the challenges it currently faces and a look towards it s potential relevance in the future of world trade. The discussion will be back up through the use of published data, literature, online sources and journals. (WTO, Trading into the future 2011)Beginning with only 23 members, the WTO currently stands at 153 members representing a total of 97% of all world trade although this is set to increase following Russias accession into the WTO. This statistic details the importance of the WTO as the only international body that deals with the rules of trade between nations. (Hamilton, Webster 2009) The WTO was created as the previous system the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), needed an institutional and stronger framework to allow them to drive forward policies and advice. The WTOs overriding pattern is to help free trade,... ...ineffective with the growing number and diversity of members. Suggestions to overcome the problem include Critical-Mass thinking and the creation of smaller groups of members based on similar work characteristics may improve the system. In light of the recent financial crisis the role of the WTO is critical, in which its positive impact on world trade to date may become forgotten in light of recent criticisms. The WTO needs correct leadership to overcome the challenges today, to maintain its future survival and ensure it continues to be of success and further improve world trade. If change is not implemented successfully, the great negotiation forum it once was it will instead result in a forum in which the great members will struggle to compromise on trade issues thus harming the WTOs main purpose which is to encourage the growth of world trade.

National University of Singapore Personal Statement

Having a degree is whiz of the most admired achievements in the life of an individual. It is the radix of how your future will be. If you energize a nice and frequently accreditn degree then you drive the greater chances of being hired the moment you graduate. I chose to apply military control Management and Communications and News Media in this University for I believe that National University of Singapore is going to help me build my future and dreams through and through their much established curriculum and high standards.I know that Business Management and Communications and News Media really fit me for the reason that I have lots of experience that has polished my character, intelligence and attitude. I chose Psychology because I believe that this butt joint help me have a brighter future. Basically, this course is a lot of fun. Studying business, about how to communicate effectively and things about News Media would also help me develop the attitude or the character on how to deal with people in such a manner that is easily educated and proper. Having a degree in this course will help me get the best job being offered in the society. I know having this degree will allow me become more productive.There were certain experiences I have had in relevance with my chosen course. unmatchable of those was when I was part of the romp, The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde where in I was Gwendolyn, one of the main characters. I have ever so loved theater, especially performing. Gwendolyn Fairfax in this play portrayed a conservative Victorian. She always aims on being intellectually updated, where in she upgrades her skills and knowledge by attending conventions and the like. But the only thing is that she isnt true. She was not her real self, she was just acting out what she hypothecates would be practised and acceptable.Gwendolyn in this play is a robust willed and aggressive woman for what she feels she expresses it immediately. She was an epitome of grace and beauty among women. I crapper truly much connect with Gwendolyn I know what my principles and values are. I never compromise my reputation. I am also strong willed and assertive in the mind that when I know that I am on the right track, I am never afraid to go and pursue it. All the qualities that Gwendolyn has that I can easily relate like her being strong willed, assertive but still compose and decent, applies to my chosen course.Through this experience I had in the play, was just one of the stepping stone for me to polish my character or attitude especially with regards to being patient. Being patient with my co- members in the play and the long time hours in practicing the play in order to come up with the best. I never settle for less. I always want to achieve the best. I never want mediocrity. I believe I can apply all these values in my chosen course.I am also teaching in our sunshine school in a local church. I am teaching children ranging from 6 9 yrs old. Through this experience I never forget that Religion is also chief(prenominal). It was important before but it is much important today.Religion involves the sexual intercourseship between mankind and what is regarded as sacred. Religion almost always includes the belief in the supernatural and a code of ethical behavior. Why do men suffer? What is the nature of the Universe and how it is governed? What is the nature of man and what is his destiny? Religion tries to answer the questions of ultimate institution and of life and death and human and destiny. Many religions hold the universe of discourse is governed by God. Through religion man may see meaning in the universe and find a personal role in it.Thousands of years ago, religion played a very(prenominal) vital role in the lives of the people. Even mentation that time things were not that so complicated not like now, people still has a closer connection to God. People then put a greater emphasis on going to churc h, fellowshipping with their brothers and sisters and in maintaining their relationship with their creator.As of now, in our present times I think that Religion is ten times important than it was before. As the modern world is evolving and is now being introduced to different kinds of beliefs and theories that could likely shake our foundation of faith for God. The basis and the only foundation of our faith is Jesus Christ. We must hold on to him more especially these days that at that send out are many deceivers out there that are being used by the enemy to destroy us and to keep us away from the loving arms of God.When we dont have a strong foundation of our relationship to God, we can easily yield to the temptations and offerings that Satan will present to us, like the technology of today. If we dont know how to control the usage of technology of today, we can be manipulated and controlled by it. That is just one of the tactics of Satan to let us fall into the pit he is prepari ng for us, for us to be kept away from Gods destiny for us.We are costless to choose what we want to do, but we are not free to determine if what he have chosen is good or evil, right or wrong. Our choices may be good or bad insofar as they conform to Gods divine and eternal law and the imperatives which are made known to us through the mediation of conscience that God has bestowed in spirits. In my life I have made many decisions that brought great changes to me as an individual. There are times that I am very perplexing to thread a choice especially in a very hard situation. But whenever I am in doubt to make a choice, I just listen to my conscience for me to determine and scrutinize what is really the right thing for me to do.A mature moral decision is not only a decision to make a good deed that we ought to do but also a choice made in good faith to make what we want ourselves to be. The dignity of the human person implies and demands the rectitude of the moral conscience tha t is, its being shankd on truth, which is Gods word. One must seriously seek a right conscience or, in other words, one must try to make sure ones moral judgment is right. This can be achieved by diligently learning the laws of moral life through spiritual formation, asking God for light through a fervent prayer, removing the obstacles to right judgment such as habitual moral disorder or bad habits, and lastly is examining yourself.As I grew up and undergo lots of circumstances, I have now a more grown up approach of making choices. I just do not base my decisions with my feelings at that very moment. I see to it, that whatever outcome after I have made my move, I will still be strong and able to stand up. I will be able to stand firm with my decision. I see to it that it will have more advantages than the disadvantages. I weigh the pros and cons of every circumstance that I am into in which I am task to decide things with. I have learned that not all handsome things are right, for there are also hurtful and unpleasant things that turned out right also.Making moral decisions demands maturity and responsibility. To seek to understand reality, to be serious-minded to the wisdom of the past, to discern the biases and demands of a particular situation- all these efforts are required of a matured individual. Through this experience that I had as a Sunday school teacher, I am able to impart my knowledge about my faith in God towards those who do not know him. In relation to my chosen course, it will help me not compromise especially when graduate from Business Management and Communications and News Media. It will help me become an economical worker in the area that I will be assigned. I can be a model towards those who are educated yet do not know their real purpose and the intent of their chosen field.I also participated in a national racing competition and won 3rd place. It was my inaugural racing competition where I competed with fifty plus racers, most of them were men. But I still succeeded them because of my drive to win. I never thought that I am weak because I am a woman. I proved them wrong, as I also loved sports. I am a multi tasked individual, I can balance things that I am very much inclined with like in the Academics and Sports.Through the competition, I have proved to myself that I can also do what others can achieve. That gender can not dictate you from achieving, from dreaming. If you want to, then you should have the great drive and interest. I like competition and I do not give up until I will win a fight. It gives a feeling of satisfaction and contentment. My self- esteem is leveled higher whenever I succeed a competition. For me it instigates my willingness to thrive more and work hard, for me not to be put to shame.I am also a hardworking individual, which is why I won the third place in the competition because I was diligent in practicing. I beat all of those men in the contest, even if they were men and symbolize d strength, I still get over them because I was very much eager to win and make others proud of me. I was very much encouraged to go and fight them. like in my chosen degree, I know I am going to meet obstacles or travails as I go along my studies but with the integrity and willingness that I have, I know I am going to survive the hindrances or difficulties I will be meeting along the way.I am a very social person, so my chosen course just fits me that much because in business and communication, one needs to have the ability to go along well with other that is to socialize to be able to fit into different groups, or social classes and different types of character. I am a risk taker, especially when I know that I am going to succeed in the end. I am willing to risk things, but on the other hand, I am willing to fight for it too.I like to try new things, things that excite me, like achieving. Having to achieve new thing, I know can bring felicity to my family. equal I said, I never settle for low quality. I always want the best of everything. For I believe that whatever your output is, totally reflects you. So when your output is of low quality, people will see you as an under achiever a person who only settles for less.I am much interested to be in this degree because I know that National University of Singapore provides one of the best educations I can ever find. They dont just strain on the academics but also with the totality of the being of their students. They set standards that other Universities do not have. I know I am going to have a great future ahead of me in this institution. I will always have this gratitude in my heart towards National University of Singapore because through them individuals who dreams of having jobs, those extremely paid jobs can now fulfill their dreams. Those individuals will be given the hope to dream, and have a bountiful life while having the qualities of a good individual being admired by the society around him.

Automobile in History Essay

The unify States as a country was founded upon unprejudiced fundamental guide roues that be possessed of eitherowed for us to become a leading power in the world. These guidelines have been rapidly evolving and expanding to allow them to remain relevant in the world around us. An obvious example of this rapid change and adaptation is the introduction of the car into passing(a) American life. It is well known that cars were invented prior to the moulding T, but the Model T was the first car capable of being mass produced and affordable to Americans with priggish fiscal management (Kyvig 47).With this breakthrough by Henry cover people were becoming much connected than ever and the manufacturing while simultaneously creating an entire refreshing element in the world of business. Once the people were equipped with the ability to drive the nation forward in all regards, they did exactly that. With the mass employment and use of the Model T the United States improved greatly wi thin our own economy, leisurely drives and motor sports were derived from the traditional use of the car, and the car soon became a put of status within American society.Starting in the late 1700s, European engineers began tinkering with motor powered vehicles. Steam, combustion, and electrical motors had all been attempted by the mid(prenominal) 1800s. By the 1900s, it was uncertain which type of engine would power the locomote. At first, the electric car was the about popular, but at the time a battery did non exist that would allow a car to move with much speed or over a long distance. Even though some of the front speed records were set by electric cars, they did not stay in produceion past the first decade of the 20th century.The steam-driven automobile lasted into 1920s. However, the price on steam powered engines, either to build or maintain was incomparable to the gas powered engines. Not only was the price a problem, but the risk of a boiler explosion also kept the s team engine from becoming popular. The combustion engine continually beat out the competition, and the early American automobile pi unrivalleders alike Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford built reliable combustion engines, rejecting the ideas of steam or electrical power from the start.Automotive production on a commercial scale started in France in 1890. Commercial production in the United States began at the beginning of the 1900s and was equal to that of Europes. In those days, the European industry consisted of small independent sign of the zodiacs that would turn out a few cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods. The American automobile plants were assembly line operations, which meant using parts made by independent suppliers and putting them together at the plant. In the early 1900s, the United States had about 2,000 firms producing one or much cars.By 1920 the number of firms had decreased to about 100 and by 1929 to 44. In 1976 the Motor Vehicle Manufactur ers Association had only 11 members. The like situation occurred in Europe and Japan. The first automobile produced for the masses in the US was the three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile 425 of them were sold in 1901 and 5,000 in 1904this model is still prized by collectors. The firm prospered, and it was noted by others, and, from 1904 to 1908, 241 automobile-manufacturing firms went into business in the United States.One of these was the Ford Motor Company which was organized in June 1903, and sold its first car on the following July 23. The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the average American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars. It is a well known fact that the Model T was the byproduct of a much larger system of rules it was the first manufactured good that utilized the assembly line (Kyvig 78). The assembly line has proven to be one of the most significant factors in American manufacturing throughout time.This revolutionary introduction into the business world allowed for the expansions of industry into parts of the country it had never been able to touch before (American Decades 84). By incorporating these techniques into his company the circumstance Fordinomics was coined (Anonymous 1). The implemention of this Fordinomics was simple focus on your small portion and in the end put it all together for cheaper and better quality (Anonymous 1). This specific assembly line allowed for two key components of the manufacturing market to be vastly improved in a very short amount of time.It can be observed that the more obvious of the two is the simple efficiency of the assembly line and much less strenuous work it brought. The other is the production of the car and its use in shipping efforts. Prior to this time shipping was solely in the hands of the railroad industry, but no longer. This monopoly that was broken by this introduction thrust the United States into a position of potential economic greatness. The greatness was achieved through thoroughly spread pockets of manufacturing in key cities around the country.Within this pockets were always massive urban centers to allow for the full potential of this newly discovered manufacturing sort to be maximized (Kyvig 105). By implanting this new style into the heart of industry Americans were now receiving more quieten incomes, thus allowing the purchase of more of the goods they themselves were producing. This style of production utilized first with the Model T was utilized by the United States military to amass more and more supplies for the armed forces. passim field War 1 the assembly line was utilized to quickly and efficiently resupply our overseas troops in the most cost effective way possible (American Decades 132). Henry Ford has single handedly thrust the United States into a position of opportunity through his ingenious style of production matched with the most basic form o f the car. With the car now being used as a more practical tool rather than unspoiled a luxury available to the most upper class of people, it slowly became a necessity in the life of many Americans.The introduction of the car was not only beneficial to the American consumer, but to consumerism as a whole. It allowed for every aspect of consumerism to be fully maximized to every last detail from raw product to shipping the completed products across the nation. Today cars are what make coming and going from work, school, and other commitments possible for us in our lives, our ability to succeed as a country has been set up through this tradition of motor vehicles that was instilled upon us by Henry Ford.When the car was made readily available to the American human beings they turned it into a form of recreation. It began with the casual Sunday drives that most car owners practice once they were in possession of a vehicle (Hanss 2). These causal drives were established as an escap e from what people were seeing every day, going ten miles from their home was uncommon prior to the introduction of the car. These allowed people to begin to be more ambitious in their opportunities to leave the traditional home and go out into the unknown world to fulfill their dreams.The dreams of people were more often than not farfetched and highly unlikely, yet they seemed to be sought after more than any other thing in America. The car was device beginning to be seen not only for its economic benefits, but for the simple joy that could be found within the fundamental concept of going faster than the human body is mean to. The first automobile race in the United States was held in Chicago in 1895 on Thanksgiving Day (Harding 39).This race was prior to the availability of a car to the common public solely due to too high of prices. Due to this beginning of racing before the access to cars was affordable for the common American family it can be assumed that the urge to own a car was heightened. Now the car has effectively proved to be another source of entertainment to the American people. With the taste of what a car is capable of doing the rapid expansion racing into an entire industry came shortly after.Soon after the end of World War 2 there were about six different types of cars dedicated to racing alone (Harding 135). The American people had found a very simple escape from everyday life in the form of watching races. There was something about the way the cars sounded, or the cheering of drivers that allowed people to make a tie with this new sport and become mesmerized by its blinding speeds and incredible skill set required.The infatuation with racing swept across the nation like something never seen before, and to this very day the affects of this infatuation can be seen in NASCAR and other racing based professional sports leagues in the United States (Benzkofer 1) The car to begin with intended as a tool, like a wrench of screwdriver, to simply a ccomplish tasks one cannot complete without the require tool has become a image for more than just that. The car was a sign of prestige and accomplishment coincided with a dose of arrogance that could not go unseen when talking in terms of someone elses money (American Decades 84).With the use of the car as a sign of accomplishment and success came the need create images for celebrities and political figures to find out they were valued, respected, and cherished. It was necessary to create these images to portray to the public the stability and prosperity in times of doubt (Kyvig 49). Your car was also the stamp given that labeled your mark in society, if you were in possession of a car prior to 1905 then you most likely were a wealthy person, but after the creation of the Model T it was much more common to see people in possession of vehicles thus creating a new way of judging and labeling each other.Throughout the life of vehicles there has always been a message sent to potentia l owners that the looks and appearance of the car is vastly more important than it actually is. Over evolution of human nature to want to best has forced the car into a position of losing efficiency for trendy looks. By the 1940s there were hundreds of different makes and models to remove from (Harding 124). The plethora of decisions to be made during the purchase of a vehicle was absurd, from the color of the inner lining of the tires to the type of materials used to create the interiors of the car.The car had been developed into a device of status, income, and prestige in society rather the its intended purpose of being a tool that made basic jobs and tasks easier to accomplish. The automobile is arguably one of the most influential inventions to ever hit the United States. It brought with it several different political, economic, and social changes to society. Politically the car was a sign of power and accomplishment, without a beautiful car you were nobody. The development of the Model T and the assembly line thrust the United States into a manufacturing economy allowing growth and prosperity.With the introduction of higher speeds and move around came the leisure side of cars in racing. Racing was an outlet for many Americans when times began getting rough. In all, the automobile is a blessing bestowed upon the world allowing us all to advance and become more efficient in the way we conduct our lives. Word Count= 1957Works CitedAnonymous, Ford to Own Ships, Make Tires, Extend $5 A Day Schedule in New York Times, 10 August, 1914. Dearborn Michigan, August 1914 Stephan Benzkofer, Zoom Town in Chicago Tribune, 12 September, 2012.Chicago Michigan, September 2012 Daniele Hanns, socioeconomic affects of cars in the 1950s Journal of Social/Economic History 2, no. 1 (2003) David Kyvig, Daily Life in the United States, 1920-1940 How Americans Live Through the microphone boom Twenties and the Great Depression Library Journal 129, no. 12 (2001) Parker, Dorothy. American Decades 1900-1909. 1st ed. 7. New York Random House, 2001. Print. Harding, Elizabeth. Henry Ford. SIRS Decades. ProQuest, 12 Aug. 2006. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.

Review Chapter 19

Chapter 19 Review Questions 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. E 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. b 14. B 15. D 16. 1. G, 2. C, 3. F, I, 4. H, 5. D 17. Their location and the thinness of walls, go out for exchange of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid. 18. Elastic arteries Location- near the center of attention Histology elastin and smooth muscle cells Functional adaptations they function as simple elastic tubes sizeable arteries Location deliver blood to specific body organs Histology smooth muscle and fibrous Functional adaptation active in vasoconstrictionArterioles Location hint to the capillary beds Histology thinner but also mostly smooth muscle and fibrous Functional adaptation de depotine the minute to minute flow into the capillary beds. 19. Blood flow =the difference in blood flow divided by resistance 20. Blood Pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood expressed in mmHg. Systolic is pressure at contraction, and di astolic is pressure at rest. B) 110-140, over70-80. Short term control mediated by the nervous system and blood borne hemicals,counteracting moment to moment fluctuations in bp by altering peripheral resistance. Involves baroreceptors and to a lesser decimal point chemoreceptors. 21. It is fastest in the aorta and large arteries, where the cross sectional area is the highest and slower in the capillaries where the cross sectional area is least. 22. The blood flow to the skin for the draw a bead on of nutrients is served by autoregulation in response to the need for oxygen. The flow for temperature regulation requires neural intervention, and are controlled by temperature receptors from higher CNS centers. 23.When experiencing the Fight or flight inborn reflex the nervous system and blood borne chemicals counteract moment to moment fluctuations in B/P and CO. The neural controls distribute blood to the organs needing it like you musculoskeletal system during running, and chemorece ptors react to increased co2 or decreased o2 levels are present, flight. 24. Tissue perfusion, blood flow through body tissues is involved in the lurch of oxygen and nutrients to and the removal of wastes from the tissue cells, as well as gas exchange in the lungs absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract and urine shaping in the kidneys.The rate of blood flow to the tissues is almost exactly right to provide proper function. 1. Lipid soluble molecules such as respiratory gasses mete out through the lipid bilayer of the endothelial cell plasma membranes. Small water soluble solutes such as amino acids and sugars pass through fluid fill intercellular capillary clefts or fenestrations. Some larger molecules such as proteins are actively transported in pinocytitic vesicles or caveolae. 25. Hepatic portal vein, Superior mesenteric vein, Splenic vein, Inferior mesenteric vein.In most circulation, the blood goes from the heart to the aorta to the arteries, to the organ or tissue, to the veins and back to the heart. In a portal circulation, the blood goes from the heart to the aorta to the arteries, to the organ or tissue, to a vein, then to another tissue or organ BEFORE it goes back to the heart. An example of this is the blood that goes through the anterior mesenteric artery to the small intestine, goes through the mesenteric vein to the hepatic portal vein, and to the liver, before it returns to the heart.This is because the blood coming from the intestines has a lot of sugar that it absorbed. The body tries to go by the level of sugar in the blood the same at all times. So, the blood goes to the liver, where it stores some of the sugar, before it goes back to the heart and through the rest of the circulation. Then, in the middle of the night, when you havent eaten anything in a while (and the level of sugar in your blood is low), some of that sugar that was stored in the liver is released back to the blood.

Plantation Slavery in the Middle East

Plantation Slavery in Indian nautical When topics such(prenominal) as African history and drively are brought to mind, many Americans have a predetermined belief or idea on the subject. such(prenominal) ideas may include that on that point is not much of African history until European presence, that Africans did not do anything of significance until the arrival of Europeans. Then, at that place are some beliefs that slavery was only a matter of American history. Both ideas are incorrect, in that there is plenty of evidence that points towards significant achievements in Africa in the first place the arrival of Europeans and that slavery was a major part of Indian Ocean history.Slavery had existed in the Indian Ocean world far before Europeans captured and enforced slaves to work in agriculture plantations in America. In fact, many countries in the Indian Ocean world used slaves for manual prod. Although the manual promote is similar to that of plantations in America there are great differences between the two. Manual labor may be the sole reason for wealth and prosperity of the countries in the Indian Ocean world. Some countries in the Indian Ocean world that were under development became prosperous and powerful due to the cruel and gravelly labor of slaves.Slavery somewhat the world dates back before the eighteenth century but slavery in the Indian Ocean world comes around the eighteenth century. According to Eduardo Medeiros in his article Contribution of the Mozambican Diaspora in the Development of Cultural Identities on the Indian Ocean Islands he states that, Starting close to 1720, thousands of Africans were kidnapped from their original social groups and transported to the more important islands of the Indian Ocean (pg. 5). These slaves were transported by ships, in which they were typically stuffed into the ship with nothing to sleep on but the refrigerant wood beneath their feet. Such treatment was bound to cause slaves to rebel or fight as Medeiros states, Rebellion was a constant danger to the slaver at sea, and a permanent peril in the fields at their destination (pg. 58). One such anarchy was leg set asideary in the region of the Indian Ocean was that of a man named Bororo.Bororos enslaved ship was set to sail from Mozambique to Mauritius carrying 237 slaves. Bororo signaled for the uprising to begin, in which Bororo attempted to attack the pilot of the ship, original Le Bel,while the other(a) slaves grabbed whatever was nearby as a weapon and commenced to destroy the ship. Le Bel freed himself of Bororos attacks, fled to his quarters, grabbed his sword and was able to contain the riot shortly. And Soon after, 23, of the just about energetic men had been put in chains and the rest tied with ropes.He then, wanted to know who had been the leader of the uprising and Bororo volunteered to admit the responsibility (pg. 58). The Captain soon realized the size of his crew was outnumbered by the slaves and as such h e commanded for Bororo who was tied to the foremasts top and was shot in the presence of the be slaves. His body was thrown to the sea (pg. 59). Transportation of slaves was so sever and harsh that rebellion, although slim in success, was worth more than enslavement.Other times malcontent acts such as suicide were acts of religious beliefs. Africans from Malagasy believed that at death, when the soul departed, the body would return not to God, but to the place of birth where a new existence would begin under another form (Medeiros pg. 73). Such a belief was so strongly felt among these people that it would persuade them to commit suicide by jump into the sea. Slaves were transported to islands such as reunion, Seychelles, Macarenes, and Chagos. Their labor work was needed for agriculture plantations. According to Alpers, the commencement of plantations of indigo and coffee soon after to be replaced by stops cane in the Masacarenhas islands date coconut, and clove in Zanzibar an d Pemba islands, grain in the Kenya coast, date in the Persian Gulf, as well as building of ports and urban development in Arabia, underwater harvest of oysters for pearls in the Red sea and Persian Gulf, cultivation of grain in Madagascar and Somalias Littoral, and the political expansion and integration in Yemen and Oman contributed greatly to the demand of a large amount of money of African labor force in the 18th and 19thcenturies (Medeiros pg. 6). Without such a large quantity of African labor force as Medeiros says, prosperity among such islands would not have reached such potentials. Such demands for large quantities of labor force reached numbers as Gwyn Campbell author of The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia says numbers climbed, from 33,031 in 1765 to more than 93,000 by the late 1790s, (Campbell pg 34). But such intense labor and transportation of slavery was bound to create multiple kinds of rebellion amongst slaves. In conclusion, slavery in the Ind ian Ocean world was one that contained brutal, severe, and sometimes caustic conditions.Beginning with their means of transportation, slaves were treated as monsters as such given the icy ground to sleep on during transportation. Such conditions would cause anyone to desire escape. leakage was not only numerous during the slave trade in the Indian Ocean world but it had many classes or levels of complexity. Whether it be simple rebellion from no longer wanting to work in the fields of plantation or whether it is an attempt to form a small community in which runaways could give way in, flight allowed for slaves to interrupt the systematic nature of the slave trade structure.Interruption such as these would also cost the region loss in fiscal stability. Such interruption would also eventually lead to the demise and extinction of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean world although it took more than rebellious acts such as flight. Although many attempts were set to extinguish the fire of slavery, slavery would officially end in the Indian Ocean world by the end of the 19thcentury. Such attempts were disproved by simply disregarding treaties, or discovering different alternatives in the treaties.Many regions would effortlessly change the title of slave to contract labor in an attempt to overcome the system. Nevertheless, slavery in the Indian Ocean world came to an official conclusion in the end of the 19th century. With the end of slavery there was a large shortage in the need for manual agricultural plantation labor. With such a shortage the Indian Ocean world lacked an frame in in the economic race to achieve success this was due partly because of former slaves no longer compliant to the diminutive amount of compensation as they began consider other occupations.Yet after slavery was officially abolished in the Indian Ocean world, there were still discriminatory and inequality issues that needed to be faced head on. After years of violence, equality is still a n issue that has yet to have been reached in many regions of the Indian Ocean world. Sources Alpers, Edward A. , Gwyn Campbell, and Michael Salman. Resisting Bondage in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge studies in slave and post-slave societies and cultures, 2. London Routledge, 2007.Alpers, E. Flight to Freedom Escape from Slavery among bonded Africans in the Indian Ocean World, c. 1750-1962. In Alpers, E. , Gwyn Campbell. And Michael Salman (eds), Slavery and enemy in Africa and Asia. London Routledge (2005), 51-67. Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Studies in slave and post-slave societies and cultures. London Frank Cass, 2004. Hintjens, Helen. From French Slaves to Citizens The African Diaspora in the Reunion Island. In Jayasuria, Shihan and Richard Pankhurst (eds), The African Diapsora in the Indian Ocean. New Jersey Africa World Press, 2003, 99-122. Medeiros, Eduardo. Contribution of the Mozambican Diaspora in the Development of Cultural Identities in the Indian Ocean Islands. In Jayasuriya, Shihan and Richard Pankhurst (eds), The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. New Jersey Africa World Press 2003, 53-80. Scarr, Deryck. Slaving and Slavery in the Indian Ocean. New York St. Martins Press, 1998.

Climate Change: Fact or Fiction

Weather peck be defined as the state of the atmosphere including movements of energy like wind and precipitation. Climate is the in the main prevailing weather patterns of a region. The climate of a region is made up of the different weather patterns. The weather patterns ar usu anyy repetitive consort to the seasons. Where Im from in southwest Nebraska it snows in the winter, rains in the spring, and is hot in the summer. The question is, has the weather and climate always been like this in Nebraska? We build proof that climate has changed in the past.Seventy million years ago there may have not been any ice on the North Pole. The region was most likely covered in forest. The amazing part of this hypothesis is that without the polar ice caps the ocean levels would be around lxx meter higher than they are now. Scientist also know that the land was in its most recent ice age rough 2. 6 million years ago. If the North Pole went from forest to ice sixty-eight million years, ob viously the world has seen drastic changes before. This raises the question of whether or not this could happen to us again.Could the affixs in temperature that everybody attributes to planetary warming and be a natural cycle of the planets climate? Most people think not. The logical answer for the steady increase in temperature is global warming due to the Greenho make use of Effect. The Greenhouse Effect is caused by an increase in the concentration of babys room gasses in the atmosphere. whatsoever of the most dominate glasshouse gasses are Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, and Water vapor. Some people might argue that these gasses are found naturally in the atmosphere.The concentration of the gasses could be increasing due to natural factors. The atmosphere may be holding these gasses in for an unknown reason, or the environment may be producing higher concentrations naturally. This theory is unlikely according to data recorded in past years. Ice cores show that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has change magnitude dramatically since the industrial revolution. Its no coincidence that global warming started becoming noticeable the same time humans started harvesting fossil fuels.Burning, mining, and process fossil fuels are the main cause of the increase in gas releases. According to Peter Singers book One World, the scientific evidence that human activities are changing the climate of our planet has been studied by the IPCC in order to provide policy makers with an authoritative view of climate change and its causes. (Pg. 15) The Third legal opinion Report released by the IPCC in 2001 found that our planet has shown clear signs of warming over the past century.Since 1960 snow and ice cover has decreased by about ten percent, and mountain glaciers are in retreat everywhere except near the poles. Paralleling the changes in the climate is an unprecedented increase in the concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This increase is produced by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, the clearing of vegetation, and in the case of methane, cattle and rice production. Not for at least the last four-hundred and twenty years has there been so much carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Pg. 15-16) What will happen if we continue to emit increasing touchstones of gasses into the atmosphere, and global warming continues to increase? According to the Third Assessment Report, between 1990 and 2100, medium global temperatures will rise by at least 1. 4C, and by as much as 5. 8C. Although these average rises in temperature might seem small, even a 1C rise in the average temperature would be greater than any change that has occurred in a single century in the past ten-thousand years.Moreover, some regional changes will be more than extreme and are much more difficult to predict. (Pg. 16-17) If the average temperature of a major agricultural region was to rise 5C all the supreme crops in t he area may not be suited for the region anymore and major economic downfall could result. Now that everybody in the world is cognizant of the cause of global warming, the question arises, what are we supposed to do? I believe the best and most effective answer to that question is reduce the amount of energy that we use.The first and simplest musical note is to reduce your power consumption. Creating power is one of the largest uses of fossil fuels which means the less power made, the less fossil fuels used. Everybody can use less power by simply turning off lights and unplugging appliances when not in use. Most appliances continue to consume power even after they have been turned off, if everybody just unplugged their electronics or switched off the power strip energy would become a lot more sustainable. Another abundant problem with the world is automobiles.While most people love their cars and dont want to lose the freedom to go anywhere their thoughts might be changed when the y look at all the negatives cars produce. First, is all the time, energy, and resources used to make a car. Most car parts are made from expendable ores and minerals and then shipped across the globe. This not only uses up mineral reserves in the production of the parts but consumes large amounts of petroleum energy in the transportation process. Then, as everybody knows all these cars consume huge amounts of energy in the form of gas every day, this will deplete our oil supply in no time.Cars also need roads to drive back on. Roads are the leading consumer of the United States mineral resources, and the take up very large amounts of space in cities and agricultural areas. People in cities can ride the bus and everybody can ride the train on long distance trips. If we could all cut the amount we drive in half the sustainability of some(prenominal) of the worlds resources would increase dramatically. Turning off your lights and taking the bus arent the only way people can reduce th e amount of greenhouse gasses they contribute.Factories produce a large amount of pollutants every day. Factory products can also contribute to atmospheric pollution because everything made requires resources to be produced. And after a product is used up it becomes waste and must be disposed of in some way. We can lower the amount of waste that is being dedicate into landfills by get goods that arent over packaged. Many goods are jazzed up with large and fancy packaging but in the end people just throw the package away. If the same product can be purchased in a smaller package it will cost less and take up less space as waste.Consumers should try to buy fresh produce from local stores. While fresh goods are not usually over packaged, buying local also helps to cut down on the amount of transportation and the energy wasted while the item was stored in large warehouses. Another step in the environmental preservation process is to recycle everything possible. This is more easily sai d than done for most people but it is becoming easier and more satisfactory all the time. Recycling bins are popping up all over in convenient locations and the incentives to recycle are getting greater all the time.It isnt that hard to separate easily recyclable materials like cans and bottles in your home and take them to the proper recycling center. Another easy was to recycle is take your elastic shopping bags back for recycling or get a reusable bag. If resources are conserved, then naturally the amount of gasses being released into the atmosphere will be decreased. In conclusion, global warming is a major global problem. If a sufficient remedy isnt found soon enough the world may never be the same. Finding a means to curve the rise of global warming is easier than most people think.

Organizational Strategy and Change Essay

John Kotter in his book explained the significance of alter preventative in any organization or business. According to him, adopting change has been the trend in our society for two decades now though sometimes traumatic the go out would be improved quality of products and services, new opportunities for growth and increase productivity (Kotter, p. 3). He stressed the significance of change management because there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) benefits that a keep alliance can get from it.He emphasized that an organization finds help in adapting to shifting conditions and have improved competitive mechanics everywhere other competitors (p. ). However, if an organization is passive to change may face the adverse effects which according to Kotter are exposit as being pessimistic and comical of others who are pushing for transformation (p. 17) hence, this company will end up incompetent. A good example of a company that endorsed change after being attacked with rugged p ublicity was McDonalds. McDonalds is a solid food chain that is leading in the global market it serves more than 100 countries having about 30,000 restaurants all over the world.This company has started as the first food service retailer that offers informal eating-out market, which eventually paved the way for this kind of business. According to Eric Schlosser, at the growth of unfaltering food chains in America, American society has gone tremendous change specially in the lifestyle and values of the American people considering the feature that much money has been spent in fast food than in education. In the same way, due to this trend, numerous women and mothers are working with the convenience of food preparation since a family spent their meal at restaurants and fast food chains (p. ).With this trend, McDonald is considered as the largest purchaser of beef, pork and potatoes it is also the largest owner of retail prop according to Schlosser (p. 4). After many years of exist ence, Ray Kroc had continued to reinvent the image of the restaurant image by placing the smiling Ronald McDonald at restaurant and by creating a friendly environment around the area. However, despite of having a good reputation and being a fast growing business, McDonalds had suffered enormous bad publicity from different sources.The first one was the libel campaign filed by the Greenpeace employees in 1990 and the second one was a documentary film written, directed and performed by Morgan Spurlock entitled Super Size Me in 2004. The appearance of these controversies had moved the McDonalds Company to reshape their culture and focus. The libel case filed against McDonald was considered the longest libel case in the history of English that lasted in 314 days in 1990. The two Greenpeace employees issued many articles locution that McDonalds prepared food are environmentally perilous and physically harmful to the consumers.The libel suit also presented issues relating to discrimina tion to its employees, the company was responsible for cruelty to some of its animals used as foods, and children are exploited for using them in television campaign. This publicity was proven true after the US Congress do an investigation about the hearsay. In their report as discussed by Schlosser in his book, explained that there was presence of E-Coli in some of their food due to unclean surroundings and contaminated and/or lethal meat which they sold to many children (p. ), since children are their number one patronage.The Super Size Me ads which was produced and experimented by Spurlock himself for one month was a concrete explanation why McDonalds foods are non good for the body. According to Thom and Geiger, Spurlock had gained twenty-five pounds after one month of eating all McDonalds food which caused him to suffer from fatigue, headaches, and indigestion his blood sugar skyrocketed, his liver filled with fat, his cholesterol went off the charts, and his blood pressure was unmanageable (p. 98).This experiment has solely proven that fast foods are not healthy according to Thom and Geiger (p. 199) this has frighten the whole America and started blaming fast food for unhealthy body and began to fight a war against obesity. The next question is What is the response of McDonalds to this issue? Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo had described clearly the response made by the company to this very intriguing issue. At first, McDonalds through its spokespeople did not make any comment saying that they have not seen the film yet.However, later, they told the press that the movie is just a distortion of reality. Kapica and Coffing (spokepersons) have utter that the issue of obesity is a personal state not theirs, since it is the persons choice what they want to eat (p. 70). Nevertheless, in March after twelve weeks since the appearance of the ads, McDonalds had announced that they would phase the super-sizing woof in their restaurants and they introduced the Happy Meals with salad and pedometers (Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo, p. 71).Yet, the story did not end there until the issue became national. For this reason, McDonalds made a lot of public relation campaign just to offset the issue. Macmillan and McGrath has stated in their book that after that issue, McDonalds and other fast food chains has introduced couple of lower fat options, including a Salad mover and shaker (with nonfat dressing), a Fruit and Yogurt Parfait (p. 160). The documentary film has helped American people to become health conscious people and industry to consider well-disposed responsibility.Despite the companys attempt to change the food offerings, the issue continued that required crisis management approach. McDonalds in Australia as well as in America used a proactive approach which allowed McDonalds a fair hearing in the court of public opinion. This approach made the company showcased their management and the new direction that McDonald had initiated in parli amentary procedure to minimize the impact of the movie. The result of the approach was very effective because they were able to weaken and demasculinize the life-cycle of the issue according to Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo (p. 5).To sustain its campaign, in February 7, 2007, the McDonalds Australia has joined the foundation and they had come up with nine products with approval of the Heart Foundation check over. Heart Foundation Tick is a program aiming to encourage food producing companies all over the world to espouse healthy and nutritious food to eliminate heart problem caused by food intake. The Australian Sports Medicine Federation explained what the Heart Foundation Tick is.According to them, this is a program that challenges all food companies since 1989 to produce healthier products to offer consumers enough choices of healthier foods available on shelves of the supermarkets or restaurants. And every company that responds to the challenge must generate or produce foods tha t conform to the strict standards of the organization. Specifically, the foods are to be tested for some chemical contents that are harmful to the body before they are given endorsement the foods should not contain the following ingredients saturated fat, Trans fat, salt and kilojoules.Once passed the quality, the company will be given the Heart Foundation Tick with corresponding logo that appears on the label of the product. Currently, ground on the report released in 2006, McDonalds restaurants all over the world serve its customer with 100% pure USDA inspected beef with neither no fillers nor additives, whitefish from the Pacific Ocean and Baltic and North Seas, vegetables and fruits are farm-fresh delivered on regular basis (Fact Sheet about McDonalds).Remarkably, McDonald Company had enforced strategic actions in order to counteract bad publicity and maintain their status quo. In the report made by William Greider in a newspaper published online in July 2003 said that the comp any had taken a strong political will to advise its meat suppliers to stop using growth-stimulating antibiotics that are dangerous to human health. By this warning, the company would not be willing to purchase the said products in the statement made by McDonalds director, he said, we would be a catalyst for change industry wide.This very significant affirmation from the company was a response to the controversy that thrown on them and to the call of social responsibility. During this crucial situation, it is very central that a company is always ready to initiate change. McDonalds action for change is very critical but very essential because it turned the company upside down, and it was successful McDonalds remained as the number one fast food chain in the world.To categorize the perspective, the change is institutional and contingency institutional because it is a change that considers the external forces such as social, governmental, legal and cultural. It is a contingency perspe ctive because the top management must initiate the change that focuses on the most directly affected by the circumstances. McCalman once said, Change is an ongoing process (p. 8).

Adr: Village Panchayat in India

INTRODUCTION The mystify liquidation panchayat is a kind of local anaesthetic ego-G either pasturenment. The schema has three objects. One is to make the liquidationrs better habituated with the exercise of franchise. The second is to relieve the G overnment from the detail of the local personal matters. The third is to let the heap humankindage their own affairs. The punchayet administration has been integral decompose of the Indian closure corpse with ages. A crossroads is self contained microcosm, a composite scrooge society representing different communities and cultural hues.It does not pee-pee irritant elements but represent an integrated culture, relieve to a greater extent from the penetrations of urban cultural patterns into the settlement life. The importance of closure with its question man, c wholeed Gramani, could be traced to Rig Vedic times and this take aim man figures in later Vedic literature as one of the jewels or Ratnas of the administr ation. The Decimal system of classifications of village into units of 10, 20 or 100 or gm is well known. According to Vinaya, heads of the villages (Gramikas) are stated to be meeting in an assembly of their own.Narada supervised the betrothal of flipper officials in each village. The state took full debt instrument of campestral extinctgrowth, contingently by constructing roads, ground up of markets etc. in that respect were withal references to village elders Gamma- vriddhas and Grama mahattaras the prominent persons in the village universe associated with village administration. An account of the Panchayat system comparing cardinal persons (official and non official) in dominions as well as in sub divisions is afforded by the inscriptions of the Gupta period.At the rulelevels, the Vishayapati or its head had a non official advisory council representing different touch on in the locality. These included the Nagara- s persisthin- the captain banker representing th e commercial interests the Sarthavaha or carvan the chief of the leader of the trading community the Prathama kulika the chief of the head of the families or the community head and the Prathama kayastha the chief scribe or the official administrator. The assistance of the council was sought- by and bywards(a) in matters of alienation of gains and other exclusivelyied matters of the community interest.At the subdivision (Vithi) and village level, at that place was a council of non officials consisting of the Vithi- mahaattaras and the kutumbins, representing the elders and agrarian house holds, respectively. The kulikas represented the non official elements in an advisory capacity. At the village level, the Gramika or the head man and his council settled land disputes by fixing boundaries and they withal mentioned law and order. His advisory council constitutes the mahattaras the village elders and the Astha kuladhikarans the eight head of the families and other leading men of experience and status.The village elders in s emergehern India were known as Mahajans and they regulate the socio-economic life of the village and assisted equ all in all in ally in administration. The Panchayat system was prevalent in the urban context as well. The local body was called Uttarasabha, Goshthi, Panchakula and a board of Sauvayika. The Panchakula signified a body of five persons who were plant by provincial head. They deliberated in the townspeople hall called Mandapika. The committee looked after proper acknowledgement of grant and rent from the endowed property.On May 15, 1989, Prime look Rajiv Gandhi introduced a geniusal amendment bill in Lok Sabha. This was introduced to make Panchayat Raj in India a truly representative and good system. The bill could not drop dead law as it was not passed by Rajya Sabha. The bill was again introduced in the sassy parliament by Narasimha Rao regimen. This bill, the s howeverty third amendment act, 1992, passed by parliament, was bought into effect on April 24, 1993. Madhya Pradesh was the first state in the country to conform to with the spirit and letter of the act. Presently, there are 2. 0 lakhs village Panchayats, 5500 Samities and 375 zila parishads. These institutions have been granted statutory confidence in many states for raising funds through taxation, cess, land and fairs. The 11th Five Year contrive has ambitious plans for Panchayati system reforms. These bodies impart take into account local aspirations, resources and would recommend classs and methodologies to match them. The conceit of Panchayati Raj is zipper new. It was the dream of Gandhi, the father of the nation, its exact was unhappy by Pandit Nehru, and it was repeatedly and forcefully advocated by Late Shri Jai Prakash Narayan.But, unfortunately, for versatile reasons, not practically headway could be made for the realization of this ideal. Ever since Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi came to the helm of affairs in the country he repeatedly stressed the importance of Panchayati Raj. He formed his views on the suit by beneath-taking whirlwind tours of rural India to familiarize himself with the realities of rural life, by holding frequent workshops of order magistrates all over the country, and thus assessing their views and understanding their difficulties.As a result of this interaction with the stack and the administrators, his views on Panchayati Raj gradually evolved, his thoughts ware excellent and he could from his own plan of Panchayati Raj and place it before the parliament with perfect self-confidence and case. He withal sought to give it organisational sanction by proposing to add a fresh chapter to the Indian constitution in the form of the 64thamendment, through the card which he moved in the parliament on the fifteenth of May, 1989.As a result of his clarity of thought and powerful advocacy, the bill was passed with near unanimity, with except five M. P. s voting against it. Late Shri Gandhi forcefully and clearly unfolded the concept of Panchayati Raj, the urgent need of constitutional sanction for it, and the salient(ip) features of his scheme for making it a reality. He pointed out that Panchayati Raj marrow taking res publica to the gross roots, it means transfer of power, in the real sense of the word, to the mess living even in remote villages and saving even the weakest sections of society into the national mainstream.He told the honorable members of parliament that, Democracy was the greatest gift of our freedom spit out to the people of India. Independence made the nation free. Democracy made our people free. A free people are a people who are governed by their go forth and ruled with their consent. A free people are a people who participate in decisions touching their lives and their destinies. Gandhiji believed that democratic freedoms have to be founded in institutions of self- presidency in every village of India. He drew his inspi ration and his vision from the Panchayats, the traditional village res publicas of India.Panditji established the institution of Panchayati Raj as the direct instrument for bringing festering to the doorstep of rural India. Indiraji stressed the need for the peoples friendship in the processes of economic and social transformation. Yet, there can be no denying the fact that in most part of the country, elections to the Panchayats have been ir constant. The Bill seeks to put an end to such delays and difficulties. The essence of democracy is elections. But elections to Panchayati Raj institutions have been most irregular and uncertain.A mandatory provision in the constitution is therefore necessary. A statutory provision in the state law does not quite have the like sanctity. The Bill provides for regular periodic elections of Panchayati Raj institutions. In the absence seizure of any compelling provision to restructure Panchayats inwardly a reasonable period of time, by democratic elections, suspended Panchayats have remained suspended for eld and dissolved Panchayats have remained dissolved for up to a decade or even more. Their existence has depended little on the mandate of the people then on the whim of state Governments.The bill leaves it to the state to jell the cubic yard and conditions on which Panchayats may be suspended or dissolved. The state Legislatures are to specify the grounds on which the Governor may suspend or dissolve a Panchayat. That is a matter for the Governor, performing in accordance with the constitution on the advice of the state Government. But dissolved Panchayats must be reconstituted within a reasonable period of time. It is the people who exit determine, within a matter of months, the shape of the reconstituted Panchayat.The Bill bequeath come across that Panchayati Raj has a democratic character similar to the Lok Sabha and the state Assemblies and Constitutional security measure for their operation as re presentative institutions of the people. The single greatest event in the evolution of democracy in India was the order of the Constitution which established democracy in Parliament and in the state Legislature. The historic, revolutionary Panchayati Raj Bill takes the place alongside that great event as the enshrinement in the constitution of democracy at the hitroots.Once democracy is accorded to the Panchayats the same sanctity as is enjoyed by parliament and the state Legislature, the doors will be opened for the familiarity in democratic institution to about seven lakh select representatives. In this way the power-broker, the middledlemen, the vested interests will be eliminated. For the minutest municipal function the people have to run around finding persons with the right connections who would intercept for them with the distant source of power.The system has been captured by the power-brokers who have established their vice-like grip on it, only because democracy has not functioned at the sell-roots. Once the people have their own elective representatives from electorates as small as a hundred persons, the source of power will lie only as far outside as the Panchayat Ghar, not in some distant state capital or even the more distant capital of the country. There will be direct elections to Panchayats at all levels. either suffrager will have his own representative in the Gram Panchayat, the mid-level Panchayat. The representative will be trustworthy to small and recognized electorate. It hey fulfill the mandate of the people the re-elected otherwise the people will mould them out of office, power of the vote. In establishing the institutions of democracy in Parliament and in the state Legislature, our founding fathers gave particular recognition to the disabilities suffered by the Scheduled Castes and tribes. Provision was made for the reservation of seats for the total electorate. This is a normal which has not been incorporated in most of the Panchayati Raj legislations enacted by the state Legislatures. The democratic rights of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes cannot be secured by good intentions alone.It has to be secured in the first instance, by reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions on the same basis as reservations are given in the Lok Sabha and the state Assemblies. The Bill makes it mandatory for the state legislatures to ensure reservation for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their tribe in the relevant Panchayat area. Also, there will be reservations in Panchayats at all levels of 30% of the seats for women. The presence of women in heavy(a) numbers in the Panchayats will not only make the Panchayats more representative but will also make them more efficient, honest, disciplined and responsible.It is the strength of moral character which women will bring to the Panchayats. The Panchayats will have the power and authority to draw of plans within the framework of g uidelines and conditions to be laid draw by the state Government. These plans will constitute the basic inputs for the planning process of higher levels. This will ensure that the representative of the people, their needs, their aspirations, their priorities become the building blocks of the edifice of planning. The second major responsibility of the Panchayats will be the implementation of development schemes assigned to them by the state Governments.These schemes should cover the major economic concerns of rural India, commencing with agriculture and land approach and going on to irrigation. They must comprise the diversification of the rural economy into animal husbandry, dairying, poultry and fisheries. They must incorporate industrial activity in rural India. They must look to the day-to-day concerns of rural India, housing, deglutition water, fuel and fodder. The panchayats will also have the major responsibility for the administration of poverty-alleviation programmes.They would have to look to the development and culture, to health and family social eudaemonia, and to women and child development. Social welfare programmes for the weaker and handicapped sections would be the responsibility of the Panchayats. It is also proposed to give to the Panchayats the responsibility for the public distribution system which is so crucial to the survival of the weakest and the poorest, as also to the general health of the rural economy. In this way development will be taken to the grassroots in rural India.The same concern must be extended to the growing urban and tractor trailer-urban population of the country. To this end, a new chapter has been added to the constitution. Urban Municipalities and corporations have been brought within the two major questions have been raised repeatedly. Most reservations become a parliament feature of the Indian economic, educational and political scene? Must social disability, with the attached dent of being a Harijan and hence being disallowed to enter the places of worship etc. continue for all times, privileges as their counterpart in the rural areas?Efforts have also been made to recast revamp and revitalize the cooperative movement, which Pundit Nehru always regarded as the essential compliment to Panchayati Raj. Our democracy has reached the stage where the full participation of the people brooks no further delay. Those who decry Panchayati Raj as an election stunt are only those whose feudal interest will be overthrown by the power reaching the people. The late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi said, We trust the people. We have faith in the people. It is the people who must determine their own destinies and the destiny of the nation.To the people of India let us ensure maximum democracy and maximum devolution of power. Let there be an end to the power-brokers. Let us give power to the people. Salient features enumerated were 1. Panchayats shall be constituted in every state at the village, interme diate and governslevels. At intermediate level population should exceed 20 lakhs. 2. either the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen directly through the elections from the territorial reserve constituencies in the Panchayat area. 3.The legislature of state may, by law, provide for the representation of chairpersons of the Panchayats at dissimilar levels district, intermediate and village. The chairpersons may or may not be chosen directly from election from territorial constituencies. They shall haveright to vote in Panchayat meetings. 4. There shall be proportionate representation according to the total population of Panchayat area reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. One- third of the total number of seats shall be preserved for women. The office of the chairperson shall also be likewise be reserved. . Term of each Panchayat shall be 5 years unless it is dissolved earlier. This will apply to Panchayats constituted before the 7 tertiary amendme nt act. 6. The legislature of a state may, by law, endow the Panchayats with the power to prepare plans for economic development and authorize them to levy, collect enamor taxes, duties, tolls and fees and the power to provide for grants-in-aid from the consolidated fund of the state. 7. The regulator of a state, after every 5 years, will constitute a finance commission to review and audit the financial position of the Panchayats.He will also determine the principles for the distribution of the net proceeds of the taxes and tolls between the state and the Panchayats and will measure for the improvements of the financial positions of the Panchayats. 8. The governor shall appoint a state election commissioner whose tenure and service conditions will be decided by the state legislature. The state election commissioner will be responsible for the preparation of the electoral rolls and for the conduct of all elections. 9. The provisions mentioned above shall apply to union territories a s well.The administrators shall be empowered in the same manner as the governors of the state. 10. None of the afore-mentioned provisions would be applicable to scheduled and tribal areas, to the hills area of Manipur, to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram, to the district of Darjeeling in west Bengal to the Darjeeling Gorkha hill council. 11. Finally, the 73rd Amendment carry provides for the addition of Eleventh schedule Article 243 G. This includes 29 areas like agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, women and child development etc. OLD SYSTEM OF THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT AND ITS DECAYIn the delightful old time there were village Panchayats in India. They were very powerful organizations. They were virtually ruling over the village according to the customary laws. During the Mughal period the village Panchayats remained unaffected. Because the Mughal Emperors and the Mughal Chiefs were satisfied with the collection of revenue and taxes. They did not nettle about the local administration. But during the British period the Indian village Panchayats were completely inactive and runied. Because the British administration was very strong and was penetrating into every nook and corner of the country.The British Government founded the system of union-president to know the view of the public. But the union presidents played into the hands of the thana officers. Hence the old panchayat system was completely ruined. Panchayati Raj in Pre British Period. The word panchayat is derived from the word pancha panchasvanusthitah, has references in to the existence of Grama Sanghas or rural communities. The institution of Panchayati Raj is as old as Indian civilization itself. It was in existence since antediluvian patriarch periods, having an effective ascendancy over civil and judicial matters in the village community.The Rigveda, Manusamhita, Dharmashastras, Upanishads, Jatakas and others, refer extensively to local administratio n, i. e. the panchayat system of administration. In the Manusmriti and Shantiparva of Mahabharata, there are many references to the existence of Grama Sanghas or village councils. The earliest reference to panchayat is derived from the word Pancha, that refers to an institution of the five (pancha panchasvanusthitah) is found in the Shanti-Parva of Mahabaratha, pancha and panchavanustitah are semantically close to panchayat.A description of these village councils are also found in Arthashastra of Kautilya who lived in 400 B. C. Arthashstra gives a comprehensive account of the system of village administration prevailing in his time. During this period, the village administration was carried under the supervision and control of Adyaksha or headman. There were other officials such as Samkhyaka accountant, Anikitsaka veterinary doctor, Jamgh karmika village couriers, Chikitsaka physitian. The village headman was responsible for ensuring the collection of state dues and controlling the a ctivities of the offenders.In Ramayana of Valmiki, there are references to the Ganapada (village federation) which was perhaps a kind of federation of village republics. Self-governing village communities characterized by agrarian economies existed in India from the earliest times. It is mentioned in Rigveda that dates from approximately 200 B. C. The village was the basic unit of administration in the Vedic period. The most remarkable feature of the early Vedic polity consisted in the institution of popular assemblies of which two namely Sabha, and the Samiti deserve special mention. A Samiti was the Vedic Folk Assembly that in some cases njoyed the right of electing a king while the Sabha exercised some judicial functions. Both the Samiti and Sabha enjoyed the rights to debate, a privilege unknown to the popular assemblies of other ancient people. The office of the village head man (Gramani) indicates the emergence of the village as a unit of administration. In the later Vedic per iod, the Samiti disappeared as a popular assembly while the Sabha sank into a narrow body corresponding to the kings Privy Council. In the course of time, village bodies took the form of panchayats that looked into the affairs of the village.They had the powers to enforce law and order. Customs and religion elevated them to the inviolate position of authority. Besides this there was also the existence of caste panchayats. This was the pattern in Indo Gan positic plains. In the south, the village panchayats generally had a village assembly whose executive body consisted of representatives of various groups and castes. These village bodies, both in the north and south India, had been the peg of administration, the centre of social life and above all a charge of social solidarity. In the Mouryan period, the village was the basic unit of administration.Villagers used to organize works of public benefit and re initiation, settle disputes, and act as trustees for the property of minor s. But, they had not yet evolved regular councils. The village council appeared to have evolved into regular bodies in the Gupta period. They were known as Panchamandalas in central India and Gramajanapadas in Bihar. These bodies negotiated with the presidency for concessions and settlement of disputes. The inscription of Chola dynasty shows the social organization and functions of the village assembly and their executive committees.The village administrations were performed by the elected representatives forming village council. During the medieval and Moghal periods, village bodies were the pivot of administration. In the Moghal period, particularly in the regime of Sher Shah, the villages were governed by their own panchyats. Each panchayat comprised of village elders who looked after the interest of the people and administered justice and imposed punishment on defaulters. The head man of the village, a semi brass official, acted as a coordinator between the village panchayat and the higher administrative pecking order.Akbar accepted this system and made it an indispensable part of civil administration. In this period, each village had its own panchayat of elders. It was self-reliant in its own sphere and exercised powers of local taxation, administrative control, justice and punishment. The Moghals introduced elaborate administrative machinery with a hierarchy of officials, particularly in the field of revenue. The Moghal local administrative system lasted over centuries. It was with the collapse of the Moghal strong hold, the British established their hegemony in India. British PeriodThe British came to India as traders, and before long established an inroad into the cultural nexuses of the land. The primary focus of the British Raj was much to do with trade and little to do with governance and development. The local governments were hardly their first priority. In fact till the advent of the British rule in India, the rural republic had flourished and thrived. With the emergence of the British Raj in India, panchayats ceased to play a role that it once played. But, local self government as a representative institution was the creation of the British.In the initial days, the interest of the British was limited to the creation of local bodies with nominated members. These bodies were built around trading centers. Thus in the year 1687, a municipal corporation came to be formed in Madras. Set up on the British model of town council, this body was empowered to levy taxes for building guild halls and schools. As time passed, similar bodies were set up in other major towns and this model became prevalent, servicinging the British widen their taxation power. This model move to comprise nominated members with no elected elements what so ever.It was Lord Mayo, the then viceroy of India (1869 to 1872), who felt the need to decentralize powers in order to bring about administrative efficiency and in the year 1870 introduced the conce pt of elected representatives in the urban municipalities. The revolt of 1857 that had put the imperial finances under considerable variant and it was found necessary to finance local service out of local taxation. Therefore it was out of financial compulsion that Lord Mayos resolution on decentralization came to be adopted. The Bengal Chowkidar Act of 1870The Bengal Chowkidar Act of 1870 marked the beginning of the revival of the traditional village panchayati system in Bengal. The Chowkidar Act empowered district magistrates to set up panchayats of nominated members in the villages to collect taxes to pay the chowkidars or watchmen engaged by them. Ripon block (1882) Lord Ripon made remarkable contribution to the development of Local Government. In 1882, he abandoned the existing system of local government by the officially nominated people. According to his local self government plan, the local boards were split into smaller units to achieve greater efficiency.In order to ens ure popular participation, he introduced an election system for the local boards. The government resolution of 18th May, 1882, stands as a landmark in the geomorphologic evolution of local governments. It provided for local boards consisting of a large majority of elected non-official members and presided over by a non-official chairperson. This is considered to be the Magna Carta of local democracy in India. This resolution proposed the establishment of rural local boards where 2/3rd of whose membership was composed of elected representatives.He brought in the concept of self-government in urban municipalities. He is interact as the founding father of urban local government. Ripons resolutions followed a series of Committees, Commissions and Acts in this line. The gallant Commission on Decentralization in 1909 elaborated further the principles of Ripon resolution. But this remained merely on paper. Ripons scheme did not make much progress in the development of local self governme nt institutions. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 In this backdrop, Montagu Chelmsford reforms were passed in the year 1919.This reform transferred the subject of local government to the domain of provinces. The reform also recommended that as far as possible there should be a complete popular control in local bodies and the largest possible independence for them, of outside control. By 1925, eight provinces had passed village panchayat acts. However, these panchayats cover only a limited number of villages with limited functions. But this reform could not get much result as far as democratization of panchayats was concerned and lead to a lot of organizational and fiscal constraints. Government of India Act (1935)This is considered as another important stage in the evolution of panchayats in British India. With popularly elected government in the provinces, almost all provincial administrations felt vocation bound to enact legislations for further democratization of local self g overnment institutions, including village panchayats. Although the popular government in the provinces governed by the Congress vacated office following the declaration of Second World War in 1939, the position as regards local government institutions remained un sortd till August 1947, when the country attained independence.Even though the British government did not have interest in the village autonomy, they were forced to do so, in order to continue their rule in India and moreover to meet financial necessities. The Indian rural republic had flourished till the advent of British. It received a set back during the British rule. Self contained village communities and their panchayats ceased to get substance. They were replaced by formally constituted institutions of village administration. In the highly centralized system of British rule, village autonomy seems to have lost.PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDEPENDENT INDIA The task of strengthening panchayati raj system fell on the Indian govern ment formed after independence. It was clear that India a country of villages had to strengthen village panchayats to strengthen democracy. Mahatma Gandhi who potently believed in Ggrama Swaraj pleaded for the transfer of power to the rural mint. According to him the villages should govern themselves through elected panchayats to become self sufficient. But surprisingly, the draft Constitution prepared in 1948 had no place for Panchayati Raj Institutions.Gandhi severely criticized this and called for immediate attention. It is thus, that panchayat finds a place in the Directive Principles of the State insurance policy. Article 40 of the Directive Principles of the State insurance policy states that the states shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to alter them function as units of self governments. The most important aspect to strengthen grass root democracy was neglected by the Constitution makers as D irective Principle of State Policy is not legally binding on the governments.The first nonionised effort to tackle the problem of rural India was made through Community Development Programme in 1952 and National Extension Service in 1953. The programme was based on an integrated approach to the various aspects of rural development. The objectives were to promote self tending and self reliance among the rural people, to generate a process of integrated social, economic and cultural change with the aim of transforming social and political life of the villagers. Community Development Programme was launched in 55 selected blocks.The programme was based on an integrated approach to the various aspects of rural development. The programme made provisions for appointing throng Development Officers BDO and Village Level Workers V. L. W. This programme was intended to bring socio economic development of the rural masses on democratic lines, but failed to take off along the expected lines d ue to the absence of an effective instrument for peoples participation. Balwantrai Mehta Committee Balwantrai Mehta Committee was the first Committee set up in 1957 to look into the problems of democratic decentralization in independent India.The Committee was asked to report on community development projects. The Committee made far reaching recommendations in the direction of democratic decentralization and rural reconstruction. It pointed out that the community development program was not successful because it failed to evoke local initiative and that in the absence of local initiative and local interest, development would not be possible. The committee laid down five fundamental principles. 1. There should be three tier structures of local self government bodies from village to the district level and these bodies should be linked together. . There should be genuine transfer of power and responsibility to these bodies to enable them to discharge their responsibility. 3. Adequate r esources should be transferred to these bodies to enable them to discharge their responsibilities. 4. All welfare and developmental schemes and programmes at all three levels should be channeled through these bodies, and 5. The three tier system should facilitate further devolution and disposal of power and responsibility in future.The committee envisaged three tire system of panchayats known as Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat and recommended encouragement of peoples participation in community work, promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, promoting the welfare of the weaker sections and women through the panchayats. For the first, time the Committee made recommendations for co-opting of two women who are interested to work for women and children. However, like the rest of the male members, women were not to be elected but were to be co-opted.The recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee came into effect on initiative April 1958. Rajasthan was the first state to implement it on 2nd October 1959. By mid 1960s, panchayat had reached all parts of the country. More than 2,17,300 village panchayats covering over 96% of the 5,79,000 inhabited villages and 92% of rural population had been established. There was enthusiasm in rural India and people felt that they had a say in the affairs affecting their daily life. These were considered as the promising days of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.The report of the Ministry of Community Development had stated in 1964-65 that younger and better leadership was emerging through Panchayati Raj Institutions and there was a fairly high pointedness of satisfaction among the people with the working of the panchayats. The recommendations of Balwantrai Mehta Committee were implemented by many states in the country. Till the mid sixties, Panchayati Raj system flourished in India. But there was decline in Panchayati Raj Institutions after the mid sixties primarily because of centralized tendenc ies of functioning all over the country.The elections were not held regularly and the participation of people weakened in these bodies. Inefficiency, corruption, favoritism, uncertainty and irregularity led to their decline. Most of the development programmes were kept out of their preview. Centrally sponsored schemes were initiated parallel administrative bodies were created and government reduced funds considerably. During the period of national emergency, bureaucracy got the upper hand and these institutions lost their significance. The village panchayats were made subordinate units of government to implement its programmes.Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) In this backdrop in 1977, the Janata government appointed a Committee with Ashok Mehta as lead and was entrusted with the task of enquiring into the causes responsible for the poor performance of Panchayati Raj Institutions. It was also asked to enkindle measures to strengthen Panchayati Raj Institutions. The committee suggested two tire system of Panchayati Raj consisting of Zilla Parishads at the district level and Mandal Panchayats at the grass root level as against three tier system suggested by the Balwantrai Mehta Committee.The committee recommended constitutional protection to the Panchayati Raj Institutions and further decentralization of power at all levels. THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF VILLAGE PANCHAYAT The present system of village Panchayat has been introduced by the Government of India. It is according to the Directory Principles of the Indian Constitution. Accordingly, a Panchayat organized for every group of villages. This Panchayat consists of a President or Sarpanch, Vice-President or Naib-Sarpanch and some members. The Sarpanch is directly elected by the voters. The Government has assigned certain local taxes to Panchayat for its maintenance.The Government bears the deficit. The Government does many of its welfare schemes through the village Panchayats. The Government is encouraging the Panchayat s to work better. The best Panchayat is awarded a rich cash-prize to found an industry in the Panchayat area. These village Panchayat elect some Panchayat Committee. They are attached with adalat Panch and the Zilla Parishad. The Village Panchayats are elected once in every three years. DUTIES The Panchayat is to look after the village and its welfare. It works out the Government welfare schemes. It collects taxes from the villagers.The village Panchayat has a Secretary to help the Panchayat in its work. The Secretary is a Government servant. The Panchayat manages some village institution. THREE course SYSTEM It envisages Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block level & Zila Parishad at the district level. a. Village Panchayat Consists of elected representatives of the people. Membership varies from 5 31. Seats reserved for SC, ST, women, etc. Chairman is elected from among its members, known as Sarpanch. The Panchayat is accountable for all its actions to t he Gram Sabha, the general body of villagers. Gram Sabha consists of all the adults residing within the jurisdiction of the Panchayat. It exercises general supervision over the working of the Panchayat & lays down necessary guidelines for its working. b. block up & Panchayat Samiti The block, consisting of 20 60 villagers is administered through a Panchayat Samiti, consisting of indirectly elected members of village panchayat. The chairman of Panchayat Samiti is called Pradhan. c. Zila Parishad It is the top level of the 3 tier structure. Elect its chairman from amongst its members who is known as the District Collector CONCLUSION The system of Village Panchayat is a good thing.It is an elected body. The villagers can vote out the Panchayat office-bearers if they do not work satisfactorily. But the villagers should co-operate with the Panchayat in working out all their welfare programmes. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES www. greenwood. com www. wikipedia. com www. legalserviceindia. com ww w. westlaw. com BOOKS jurisprudence Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by Dr. N. V. Paranjape Law Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, Lexis Nexis Law Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by C. K Takwani Law Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by Avtar Singh